功能 |
Ubiquitin-like protein which can be covalently attached to target lysines either as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process. Plays a role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Covalent attachment to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by an E3 ligase such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4.
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總結(jié) |
Covalent modification of target lysines by SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modulates processes such as protein localization, transcription, nuclear transport, mitosis, DNA replication and repair, signal transduction, and viral reproduction. SUMO does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may in fact function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process. The SUMO family consists of SUMO1 and closely related homologs SUMO2, SUMO3, and SUMO4. Sumoylation has been shown to regulate a wide range of proteins, including MDM2, PIAS, PML, RanGAP1, RanBP2, p53, p73, HIPK2, TEL, c-Jun, Fas, Daxx, TNFRI, Topo-I, Topo-II, PARK2, WRN, Sp100, IkB-alpha, Androgen receptor (AR), GLUT1/4, CaMK, DNMT3B, TDG, HIF1A, CHD3, EXOSC9, RAD51, and viral targets such as CMV-IE1/2, EBV-BZLF1, and HPV/BPV-E1.
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圖像 |
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded H.bladder section using Pan SUMO Antibody( APR03755G). APR03755G was diluted at 1:100 dilution. A peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG at 1:400 dilution was used as the secondary antibody, followed by DAB staining.
Fluorescent confocal image of Hela cell stained with Pan SUMO Antibody( APR03755G).Hela cells were fixed with 4% PFA (20 min), permeabilized with Triton X-100 (0.1%, 10 min), then incubated with Pan SUMO primary antibody (1:25, 1 h at 37℃). For secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor? 488 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibody (green) was used (1:400, 50 min at 37℃).Cytoplasmic actin was counterstained with Alexa Fluor? 555 (red) conjugated Phalloidin (7units/ml, 1 h at 37℃). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue) (10 μg/ml, 10 min).Pan SUMO immunoreactivity is localized to Nucleus significantly.
Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer tissue reacted with the primary antibody, which was peroxidase-conjugated to the secondary antibody, followed by AEC staining. This data demonstrates the use of this antibody for immunohistochemistry; clinical relevance has not been evaluated. BC = breast carcinoma; HC = hepatocarcinoma.
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